Compliance and market exclusion in Brazilian agriculture: Analysis and implications for “soft” governance

Compliance and market exclusion in Brazilian agriculture: Analysis and implications for “soft” governance

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Christian Brannstrom^{a, ,} , Lisa Rausch^b, , J. Christopher Brown^b, , Renata Marson Teixeira de Andrade^c, and Andrew Miccolis^d,

^a Department of Geography, 810 O&M Building, 3147 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA

^b Department of Geography, 1475 Jayhawk Blvd, 213 Lindley Hall, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-7613, USA

^c Programa de Pós-Graduação em Planejamento e Gestão Ambiental, Universidade Católica de Brasília, SGAN 916 sala 222, 70790-160 Brasília, Brazil

^d ComSensos Consultoria, CLN 215 Bloco B 213 70874-512 Brasília, Brazil

Received 22 February 2011;

revised 12 June 2011;

accepted 13 July 2011.

Available online 9 August 2011.

Abstract

“Soft” or “hybrid” governance holds considerable promise in attempts to reconfigure state-market–society relationships toward improved environmental outcomes. “Soft” governance processes in Brazil's globally competitive, high-input/output agriculture sector have major implications for landuse policies. Here we identify and analyze two emergent processes, a compliance regime and bioregion-based market exclusion approach, that stand out amid a background of conflicts between agricultural land uses and environmental regulation. We address the effectiveness of “soft” governance, using a framework that focuses on interactions among state and non-state actors, use of geographic information, relations to global processes, and discourse. These policies may play an important role in bridging the divide between environmental and agricultural interests, but market and state actors, and the uneven effects of globalization, will influence effectiveness. Our framework for analyzing governance processes should complement future work that directly measures environmental outcomes.

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Highlights

► We study the effectiveness of compliance and market exclusion in Brazil. ► Effectiveness varies according to globalization and market and state actors. ► Policies studied may help bridge the environment-agriculture divide.

Keywords: Agriculture; Environment; Governance; Brazil